JYL, JYC, YL, YSS, YYZ, YRZ, EFX, YQX, SST, HXL and WMH significantly contributed to the study, including its conception, design, execution, data acquisition, analysis, and interpretation. JYL, JYC, YL, YSS, YYZ, YRZ, EFX, YQX, SST, HXL and WMH were also involved in drafting, revising, or critically reviewing the manuscript; All authors approved the final version for publication; agreed on the journal for manuscript submission; and accepted accountability for all aspects of the study. JYL designed the study, conducted the experiments, interpreted the results, and wrote the manuscript. YSS and JYC conducted the experiments and interpreted the results. YL, YRZ and EFX contributed to the study design, conducted the experiments, and participated in manuscript revision. YYZ, YQX, SST and HXL drew icons for statistical analysis. WMH provided financial support.

The Research Ethics Committee at Ningbo University granted approval for all animal experiments and methodologies (AEWC-NBU20250371). All procedures were performed in accordance with the NIH Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals. The Laboratory Animal Science Department facilitated the procurement of Sprague–Dawley rats. Strict compliance with the established protocols for the care and use of laboratory animals was maintained throughout all experimental processes.

The authors would like to express their gratitude to all those who helped them in writing this manuscript. They thank all the peer reviewers for their opinions and suggestions.

This work was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 82500082). Additional support was provided by the One Health Interdisciplinary Research Project at the Institute of One Health Science, Ningbo University, the project “Establishment of the Coronary Heart Disease Interventional Diagnosis and Treatment Center at the Cixi Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Medical Health Group” (Grant No. 812410050), and the project “The Role of Leukocyte-Derived Chemokine 2 in Regulating Macrophage Polarization” (Grant No. 882500370).

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

During the preparation of this work the authors used DeepSeek in order to write and polish manuscripts. After using this tool/service, the authors reviewed and edited the content as needed and takes full responsibility for the content of the published article.