XH and JS designed the study. XH and JS conducted the study. XH provided assistance and guidance during the experiment. JS analysed the data. JS drafted the manuscript. Both authors contributed to important editorial changes to the manuscript. Both authors read and approved the final manuscript. Both authors participated fully in the work and agreed to take responsibility for all aspects of it.

This study was conducted in adherence to the Declaration of Helsinki, and the research protocol was approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine (Ethics Approval No.: 2025-1076). This retrospective study used fully anonymized data and posed no risk to patient confidentiality and safety. Therefore, informed consent was waived in accordance with the “Ethical Review Measures for Biomedical Research Involving Human Subjects”.

We would like to express our sincere gratitude to our supervisor for designing this study, and to the Department of Neurology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, and its doctors for their valuable support and assistance.

This research received no external funding.

The authors declare no conflict of interest.