Author Contributions

YK: data curation, validation, conceptualization, formal analysis, supervision, writing–original draft. AA: conception and design, acquisition of data, interpretation of data. EB: conception and design, acquisition of data, analysis and interpretation of data. HKÖ: data curation, writing–review & editing. SK: data curation, writing–review & editing. All authors contributed to critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. All authors have participated sufficiently in the work and agreed to be accountable for all aspects of the work.

Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate

The study was carried out in accordance with the guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki. The studies involving humans were approved by Artvin Çoruh University Scientific Research and Publication Ethics Committee (Approval Date and Number: 13.02.2025-168412). The studies were conducted in accordance with the local legislation and institutional requirements. The participants provided their written informed consent to participate in this study.

Acknowledgment

Not applicable.

Funding

This research received no external funding.

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Appendix

See Table 8.

Table 8. The Sahara attitude scale toward violence against women.

	Please rate your level of agreement with the following statements.	Rating (0–4)
1	If a woman is harassed, she should blame herself.
2	A woman’s revealing clothing is a reason for her to be harassed.
3	It is normal for a woman who is out late at night to be harassed.
4	Unless the violence is severe, it is acceptable to beat a woman.
5	It is inevitable that some women will be harassed.
6	If a woman is beaten, she is also to blame.
7	It is not appropriate for a woman to be out late at night.
8	It is not appropriate for women to work in every sector.
9	Women having too much freedom can disrupt family order.
10	A woman’s actions, where she goes, and what she wears should be monitored.
11	A woman’s spending should be kept under control.
12	A woman should only be allowed to spend money to the extent that she is permitted.

Rating scale: (0) I don’t agree at all; (1) I disagree; (2) I partially agree; (3) I agree; (4) I completely agree.