SRB and RRC designed and supervised the study. RRC synthesized and characterized the compounds. AP performed the biology research and analyzed the data. RRT performed the molecular docking and immuno-informatics analysis. SRB and RRC performed the analysis and wrote the manuscript with the input from all the authors. All authors contributed to editorial changes in the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. All authors have participated sufficiently in the work and agreed to be accountable for all aspects of the work.

All animal experiments were conducted in accordance with the guidelines of the Institutional Animal Ethics Committee (IAEC), CSIR-IICT, Hyderabad, India, and were approved under protocol number IICT-IAEC-069-2025. This study adhered to the animal welfare guidelines of the Committee for Control and Supervision of Experiments on Animals (CCSEA), Government of India.

SRB would like to thank the director, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, for providing infrastructure, lab space, and support for an institutional research grant (MLP9033). CSIR-IICT manuscript communication number: IICT/Pubs./2025/443. AP would like to thank Poornima Penta for guiding in ELISA experiment and Srilekha Paidighantam for helping during splenocyte harvesting. S.R.B would like to thank Anusandhan National Research Foundation (ANRF) for the award of Prime Minister Early Career Research Grant: ANRF/ECRG/2024/000505/LS. S.R.B. thanks Ignite Life Science Foundation (https://ignitelsf.in/) for the award of the grant: Acorn-AMR3/RNATech/2024/01. R.R.T acknowledges DST for providing the INSPIRE Faculty Fellowship and research grant (IFA-23-PH-308).

This project was supported by the CSIR, Grant No. CSPS24/RDSF/IICT/IHP24/01. AP was supported by the ICMR-JRF fellowship of the Department of Health Research, New Delhi, India (Award Number-3/1/3/JRF-2023/HRD - 046(145819)).

The authors declare no conflicts of interest. Given his role as the Guest Editor, Srinivasa Reddy Bonam had no involvement in the peer-review of this article and has no access to information regarding its peer review. Full responsibility for the editorial process for this article was delegated to Changqing Su.

ChatGPT GO was used to correct grammar and improve the language of the manuscript. After using this tool, the authors reviewed and edited the content as needed and take full responsibility for the content of the publication.

Supplementary material associated with this article can be found, in the online version, at https://doi.org/10.31083/FBL48867.