PTI, pattern-triggered immunity; PRRs, pattern recognition receptors; PAMPs, pathogen-associated molecular patterns; DAMPs, damage-associated molecular patterns; MAPKs, mitogen-activated protein kinases; CDPKs, Ca2+-dependent protein kinases; ACS, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase; ROS, reactive oxygen species; ETI, effector-triggered immunity; NB, nucleotide-binding; LRR, leucine-rich repeat; RBOHD, respiratory burst oxidase homolog D; PA, phosphatidic acid; NO, nitric oxide; PLC, phospholipase C; PLD, phospholipase D; DGK, diacylglycerol kinase; PDK1, phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase 1; BIK1, botrytis-induced kinase 1; CDKC, cyclin-dependent kinase complex; PBLs, PBS1-like proteins; ET, ethylene; JA, jasmonic acid; SA, salicylic acid; ABA, abscisic acid; FLS2, Flagellin-Sensing 2; RLKs, receptor-like kinases; RLPs, receptor-like proteins; CPK, calcium-dependent protein kinase; AGC, protein kinase A, G, and C families; AtRBOHD, Arabidopsis thaliana Respiratory Burst Oxidase Homologue D; MAPKKs, MAPK kinases; MAPKKKs, MAPKK kinases; WRKY33, WRKY DNA-binding protein 33; VIP1, virus-interacting protein 1; PR1, pathogenesis-related 1; ASR3, altered seed germination 3; ERF, ethylene response factor; BES1, BRI1-EMS-suppressor 1; VQPs, VQ motif-containing proteins; MVQ1, MPK3/6-targeted VQ Motif-containing protein 1; ERF6, ethylene response factor; CTD, C-terminal domain; HDACs, histone deacetylases; PUB, plant U-box; MVB, multivesicular body; LIP5, lyst-interacting protein 5; RLCK, receptor-like cytoplasmic kinase; NADPH, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate; CIPK14, calcineurin B-Like-Interacting Protein Kinase 14; GPA1, G protein alpha subunit; XLGs, extra-large G proteins; GAP, GTPase-accelerating protein; NPR, Natriuretic Peptide Receptor; EDS, Enhanced Disease Susceptibility; PAD, phytoalexin deficient; ADR, activated disease resistance.
Conceptualization was carried out by CH and FY; review framework design and thematic organization by CH, FY and JD; literature collection, analysis and interpretation by FY, JD, BL, ZZ and MZ; writing—original draft preparation by FY; writing—review and editing by JD, BL, ZZ, MZ and CH; supervision by CH; project administration by CH; and funding acquisition by CH. All authors contributed to editorial changes in the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. All authors have participated sufficiently in the work and agreed to be accountable for all aspects of the work.
Not applicable.
The authors thank the researchers whose work has been cited in this review for their valuable contributions to the field. We also appreciate the reviewers for their constructive comments and insightful suggestions, which have greatly improved the quality and clarity of this manuscript.
This research was funded by The Key Technology R&D Program of Shandong Province of China, grant number 2022CXPT007 and The Postdoctoral Science Foundation of China, grant number 2022M721980.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.